Nanotechnological Applications in Virology by Mahendra Rai & Alka Yadav

Author:Mahendra Rai & Alka Yadav [Rai, Mahendra & Yadav, Alka]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780323995962
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2022-06-23T00:00:00+00:00

Chapter 8: Nanoparticle-based immunoassays for early and rapid detection of HIV and other viral infections

Navin Kumar; Swagata Chatterjee School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based immunoassays are emerging tools in the early and rapid detection of biomolecules including viral particles. Like any other viral disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has no vaccine or effective treatment. Mostly, the best-known remedy for viruses is the innate immunological responses of the host; otherwise, prevention of viral infection at the initial stage is the only alternative. Therefore, early diagnosis is the primary approach toward the utmost goal of virus control and eradication. Conventional clinical practices for virus screening are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoassay, hemagglutination inhibition assay, etc. Nanodiagnostics can ideally overcome the drawbacks of the conventional detection techniques by less time consumption, cost-effectiveness, ease, large sample screening, and more sensitivity. In the last two decades, several formulations of nanoprobes have been developed for the detection of viruses. Diverse properties of nanoparticles enable us to design different technological approaches like colorimetric, light scattering, biobarcode assay, immuno-PCR, quartz crystal microbalance, localized surface-plasmon resonance, etc., to detect the biomarkers (antigen, antibody, or nucleic acids) including virus infectious agents. In this chapter, a general contribution of nanoparticle-based immunoassays is discussed for the detection of viruses including HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis B virus.

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